Should We Need More Laws Protect Gender Identity Or Not

â€Å"41% of people who are transgender have attempted suicide sometime in their life† (Alpert). SIRS researcher writes, â€Å"The American Psychiatric Association uses the term ‘gender dysphonia’ as the medical diagnosis for people who feel their birth-assigned sex and their gender identity do not match.† The pro view point are excited that laws have been passed to protect transgender people from discrimination harassment and bullying. While the cons are against the law because they are worried that people will claim the opposite sex to get into the opposite sex’s public restrooms, or locker rooms. This paper will examine the pro, con and my viewpoint on whether we need more laws to protect gender identity or not. To illustrate my point,†¦show more content†¦In July President Obama signed an executive order banning workplace discrimination against millions of LGBT employees of federal contractors and the federal government (Thibodeaux). I am extremely happy that the President cares for other people no matter what gender they take or was sex they like. Finally, The OSC reported and noted that the restroom restriction â€Å"had the effect of isolating and segregating† Luserdi from other female employees â€Å"serving as a constant reminder that she was being deprived of equal status, respect, and dignity in the work place (Thibodeaux). So Luserdi a human being was being deprived of using the same restroom as her sex identity and was forced to use another restroom away from people. How cruel. Secondly, New Yorkers are easing the laws for shifting genders in New York, how interesting. In fact, according to a survey by the National Transgender Discrimination 40% of transgendered people who were interviewed had reported being harassed when they showed identification that did not match their gender (Flegenheimer). Can you imagine going on a trip or even buying something and having to show your ID and get harassed for being a different sex then on your ID? This is serving as a constant reminder of their past, and their decision. They will never fully be who they are if people keep discriminating against them. In addition, Levasseur a transgender

Analysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth - 1068 Words

Salma Farid Mr. Rehm ENG3U1-01 Friday November 14th, 2014 Sleep No More: The Role of Macbeth’s Conscience Traditionally, a tragic hero is a protagonist, usually of noble birth or high-standing, who possesses a flaw in character that brings about his own downfall. The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth. A tragic hero must be a man who is great and admirable in various ways. He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society. Macbeth fits the description of being a tragic hero, displaying his strengths, his weaknesses, his tragic flaw, and how influential everything around him is. Macbeth is a tragic hero, because his physical courage is joined by a consuming ambition and tendency to self-doubt and his brutality is balanced by his guilt - a quality that enables the audience to identify with Macbeth throughout the play despite his cruelty. Firstly, Macbeth is a tragic hero, because his physical courage is joined by a consuming ambition and tendency to self-doubt. Macbeth’s ambition is driven by a number of factors. Macbeth’s ambition soon goes out of control and forces him to murder again and again to cover up his previous wrong doing. Macbeth says, â€Å"I am in blood stepp’d in so far, that, should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o’er.† (3.4.136-138). By comparing his actions to wading through a bloody river, Macbeth suggestsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 991 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most famous soliloquies in history is Macbeth s Tomorrow†   speech, aside from Hamlet’s. It goes over many contemplating thoughts, and like all Shakespeare plays, he tries to answer them. During the events of Act 5, Scene 5 of the play Macbeth, Lady Macbeth goes insane and solves it by killing herself. Macbeth hears a scream and doesn’t bother to check who it is. 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To begin with, it is important to understand what the terms â€Å"hypermasculine†Read MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGielarowiec 1 Paula Gielarowiec English 4A Mrs. Mastrokyriakos Macbeth Essay 1 March, 2013 Women in Macbeth For many years now women have always been slaves towards men. Always doing everything for them. Cooking, cleaning, and taking orders. But that is slowly changing. Everything slowly changes even people. People become more deranged over time. Shakespeare is one of the writers thats shows that in his plays. One of his plays is based on murder and irresponsible choices. The characters in the playRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1331 Words   |  6 PagesTalin Davdian Vsevolo Krawczenuik Theatre Art 101 17 July 2015 Critical Paper The play of Macbeth is written between 1599 and 1606 by William Shakespeare, who is a playwright, actor, English poet and greatest English literature. 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The first mention the audience receives about Macbeth, is from the three witches at the very beginningRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare1351 Words   |  6 PagesKnown for his tragedy, intrigue, comedy, and romance, Shakespeare extends his boundary of prowess in the play Macbeth. The irony present in the play, the double-meaning of the characters’ actions, and the complexity of setting all contribute to a thrilling story of murder and looking beyond the superficial. Dramatic, situational, and verbal irony greatly contribute to the theme of things are not what they seem in Macbeth text and film. Shakespeare uses the contrast in irony to convey this in the character’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare1236 Words   |  5 Pagesit. This idea of equivocation is abundant in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Macbeth. In Macbeth, Shakespeare exposes literary devices such as illustrative imagery, sarcastic similes, and dubious diction to unveil one of his many themes: Things are not always what they seem. Shakespeare beautifully illustrates this fact through the duplicity of Macbeth, his wife, the three suspicious witches, and king Duncan . Starting the play, Macbeth is a very much regarded saint who seems, by all accounts, to be an incredibleRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth By William Shakespeare2081 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare Essay Shakespeare uses language in his literary creations as a technique to enrich the ideas of his works. In his play Macbeth, Shakespeare uses metaphor as a useful way to enhance language and construct the overall idea. Macbeth revolves around the prospect of ‘power,’ and also focuses on what one is willing to do in order to gain power, and also to maintain it. Throughout the novel, Shakespeare uses metaphors and comparative techniques that link together to develop the

Nursing Management Free Essays

string(147) " points on the action plan meet the SMART \(Jumaa Alleyne, \(1998\)\)criteria: Specific, Measurable, Action based, Realistic and Time bound\." Contents GLOSSARY ABSTRACT/SUMMARY INTRODUCTION DM 45 DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT STYLE 1. Self- assessment analysis 2. Stakeholders analysis 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. W. O. T analysis DM 46 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION DM 47 MANAGING PERFORMANCE DM 48 DEVELOPING TEAMS INDIVIDUALS RECOMMENDATION REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX Glossary D. O. H – Department Of Health N. H. S – National Health Service N. S. F – National Service Framework P. E. S. T. O – Political Economical Social Technological Others 7 S – Shared Values Strategy Structure System Staff Style Skill S. M. A. R. T – Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-bound S. W. O. T – Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Abstract/Summary I am currently working as a Charge Nurse/ Deputy Ward Manager on Ward X , a Diabetic and Renal ward based at a North London Hospital. The ward contains 21 acute medical male beds and a team of 28 staffs which includes 6 student nurses, 2 domestics, 1 ward clerk, 7 health care assistants, 6 junior nurses, 4 senior nurses and 2 ward sister/charge nurse. Some of my main responsibilities on the ward includes the assessment of care needs for patients, the development of programmes of care and their implementation and valuation and most importantly carrying out all relevant forms of care without direct supervision, and demonstrate procedures to, and supervise qualified and unqualified staff and contribute to the overall good of the organisation by being a positive role model and treating all staff, visitors and service users with courtesy (Appendix 1). In this assignment I will demonstrate the use of knowledge, management concepts and theories that I have acquired while undertaking this module of Managing People and relate them to my clinical area. Certain area of practice will be identified, analysed and evaluated through effective people management using the CLINLAP model (Jumaa (1997) ), ( Jumaa Alleyne (2001) ) within the ward setting. ‘CLINLAP is defined as a strategic nursing leadership and learning process that positions strategic learning as a driving force within health and social care organisations, on a day to day basis, in the management of nursing goals; nursing roles; nursing processes; and nursing relationships’ (Jumaa Alleyne, 1997 2001) Introduction The National service frameworks (NSFs) are long term strategies for improving specific areas of care. They set measurable goals within set time frames. NSFs: †¢ set national standards and identify key interventions for a defined service or care group †¢ put in place strategies to support implementation †¢ establish ways to ensure progress within an agreed time scale †¢ form one of a range of measures to raise quality and decrease variations in service, introduced in The New NHS and A First Class Service. The NHS Plan re-emphasised the role of NSFs as drivers in delivering the Modernisation Agenda. Each NSF is developed with the assistance of an External Reference Group (ERG) which brings together health professionals, service users and carers, health service managers, partner agencies, and other advocates. ERGs adopt an inclusive process to engage the full range of views. The Department of Health supports the ERGs and manages the overall process. (DOH, (2005) ) The NSF makes it clear that the NHS is committed to building a modernisation programme to provide high quality patient care and improving the working lives of all NHS staff. In terms of patient care, it draws the attention to the need to look at each service from the patient’s point of view and to ensure that a patient focus is embedded in the culture. In order to achieve this, new and better ways of working are required through, for example: – Investing in the workforce in terms of more staff and better training Giving frontline staff responsibility, freedom, skills and resources to do a better job, using their initiative for local innovation within national standards – Reducing bureaucracy whilst increasing accountability so that there are clear and transplant process for holding the NHS to account for their delivery of services – Requiring staff to work effectively in teams, for example, through managed clinical networks – Working in partnership with staff and involving them through representation NHS is critically dependent on its employees for delivering the strategic and operational goals at corporate, departmental, functional and team levels and managing people efficiently and effectively has become a central part of the ward manager/sister/charge nurse’s task at all levels particularly with a view to improving the performance of employees and thereby the performance of the NHS in delivering services. Ward managers increasingly are being expected to take great responsibility or the personnel management aspects of their work. This implies that we are able to function effectively in 4 key aspects of managing people : – Developing our own management style – Employee recruitment and selection – Managing performance by motivating and developing staffs – Developing Teams and Individuals by improving staffs performance at both individual and team levels. Dm 45 Developing Management Style In this unit I will identify 3 ways of assessing my curren t skills and competence as a manager. These methods will allow me to discern clearly my strenghs and weaknesses and thereby identify areas on the ward in which improvements can be made and devise action plans which will then be monitored for progress. The 3 methods chosen will be, firstly self-assessment and analysis through appraisal, secondly the stakeholder analysis tool and thirdly the SWOT analysis tool. Self- assessment analysis Self-assessment steps :- 1. Arrange a meeting with Ward Manager to agree on an appraisal date. 2. Ward Manager distributes pre-appraisal meeting self-assessment form. Appendix 2) 3. Work through the pre-appraisal form making notes and identifying potential areas for improvement. (Appendix 2) 4. Meeting with Ward Manager on agreed appraisal date. Work through the Personal Development Plan form (Appendix 3) to reach agreement on the current performance and potential areas for improvement 5. Following the meeting the Ward Manager distributes completed Personal Development Plan and list of pote ntial areas for improvement 6. Ward Manager agrees and complete draft action plan to forward to Matron 7. Matron follows up and verifies the Personal Development Plan. (Appendix 3) 8. Action plan agreed with matron. Ensure that all points on the action plan meet the SMART (Jumaa Alleyne, (1998))criteria: Specific, Measurable, Action based, Realistic and Time bound. You read "Nursing Management" in category "Papers" (Appendix 3) Stakeholders analysis An integral part of the clinical governance review process is feedback from stakeholders. The Hospital’s definition of stakeholders includes staff, patients, relatives of patients, carers, other local NHS organisations, voluntary groups and other people with an interest in the trust. The information provided through stakeholder work helps shape some of the areas that the clinical governance review will concentrate on. Clinical Governance is a framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish. It aims to create not only a culture, but systems and ways of working which assure that the safety and the quality of care is at the heart of the business at every level. Appendix 1, Unit 5) As a Deputy ward manager it is important for me to take into account feedback from stakeholders for effective managerial performance and to provide high standards of care. In order to do so the table that I have produced below will help me to identify the role of individuals, or stakeholder groups who are involved or affected by the clinical governance programme and can thereby affect its success or failure. Stakeholder analysis chart | |Programme |Organisation |External | | | | | | | | | |Clinical Governance |Hospital |Diabetes UK , Patients | | | | |Staffs, Patients |Relatives, carers, PCTs| |Who wants the team to: |Succeed | |Yes |Yes | | |Fail | |No |No | |Who is betting on the |Succeeding | |Yes |Yes | |team: | | | | | | |Failing | |No |No | |Who is supporting the |Visibly | |Yes |No | |team: | | | | | | |Invisibly | |No |Yes | |Whose success: |Affects the team | |Yes |No | | |Does the team affect | |Yes |Yes | |Who does the team’s |Benefit | |Yes |No | |change: | | | | | | |Damage | |Yes |No | |Who can the team’s |Happen without | |No |Yes | |change: | | | | | | |Not happen without | |Yes |Yes | In the above table it can be noted that the group of stakeholder who are mostly involved and influence a programme are mainly the patients and the staffs. As part of my objectives I will in future concentrate on feed back from my staff on the ward and our group of patients. This can be achieve by organising ward meetings with staffs or actually having a one-to-one interview with them at least once in a month. As for feedback from patients this can be organised by their allocated staff nurse in the form of an informal one-to-one interview at some point prior to the patient being discharged home. SWOT analysis A SWOT analysis is a tool, used in management and strategy formulation. It can help to identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of an organisation. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors that create or destroy value. They can include assets, skills or resources that the ward has at its disposal to provide care to patients. They can be measured using an internal assessment tool such as Peters Waterman’s 7S’s. The table below will help me assess the internal factors of the ward and identify my goals and make them SMART (Jumaa Alleyne (2001)) This will help me to identify areas for development. Shared Values Current: The ward believes in team working providing quality care Goal: To support staffs and encourage them to carry on working as a team Provide them with feedback from patient on quality of care on the ward. Strategy Current: The ward believes in staffs further development and clinical skills. Goal: To send every qualified staff on in–house study days to develop their clinical skills Structure Current: Staffs does not communicate clearly between each other to promote continuity of Care. Goal: To meet up with staffs on a one-to-one basis or ward meeting and discuss appropriate communication. System Current: Staff appraisals only being carried out once in a year Goal: To discuss with manager if appraisals can be done every 6 months Staff Current: The trust is introducing Senior Health Care Assistant posts. Goal: Identify if any of the present Health Care Assistants on the ward are suitable candidates for the post by appropriate supervision. Style Current : The ward has a team with multicultural staffs Goal: Encourage staffs to respect each others cuture and thereby work more efficiently. Skill Current: The ward has staffs with different skill mix. Goal: Give positive feedback on their skills and encourage them to share their knowledge and attend study days to expand them. Opportunities and threats are external factors that create or destroy value. Usually an organisation cannot control them and they emerge from Political, Economical, Social, Technological and Others. The assessment below using PESTO will help me to identify the goals set up by external factors and which needs to be included on the ward to meet expectations and thereby identify areas for my own professional development. Political Current: The NHS Plan outlines a new delivery system for the NHS and changes for social services, and changes for NHS staff groups. It also sets out plans for cutting waiting times, clinical priorities and reducing inequality. Goal: Have regular ward meetings to discuss with team how to incorporate changes on the ward. Economical Current: The NHS budget has doubled since 1997, and will have almost trebled by 2008. All NHS organisations including my ward are receiving above inflation funding increases, both this year and next. Goal: Meet up with team and prioritise our expenses so we can work within our budget Sociological Current: The Hospital accommodate patients from different ethical background and beliefs. Goal: Ensure that the trust can meet certain requirements for its ethnic minority group. For example providing them with special diet like halal meal in the case of muslim patients. Technological Current: The trust is currently using advance computer system to handle patients’ data. Goal: Ensure that members of the staffs who are not computer literate attend IT course for quicker access to patient’s data. Other Current: The Hospital has performed well in maintaining and encouraging ‘The clean our hands campain’ and reducing the risk of cross infection Goal: Encourage the team by giving them positive feedback and reinforce infection control policy. DM 46 Recruitment and Selection Once a trust has decided on its goals, it is essential that it identifies whether it has the people necessary to achieve them. Trusts need to develop ways of assessing the number of employees that they need to provide specific services. The implications of the recent policy changes in the NHS are that there will be further major changes in the numbers and deployment of employees across trusts. DOH, (2005)) As a Deputy Ward Manager part of my responsibilities is also to have a clear view of the number of staffs that we have on the ward and the number that we need to deliver the trust’s objectives. Currently on my ward we have vacancies for 2 permanent Senior Staff nurses post previously known as g rade E. The new post which is now named Band 5b according to the agenda for change has been created by the trust due to our increase in bed turnover and high demand of standards of care. Before the posts were advertised I had a meeting with my Ward Manager and Matron so we can focus on the basic stages of recruitment which are: 1. Agree the vacancy 2. Prepare a job description 3. Prepare a person specification 4. Attract applicants through good advertisement(Appendix 4a) 5. Selection 6. Induction It is important for us team leaders to use vacancies as an opportunity for re-assessing people’s needs and the organisation’s structure so objectives can be achieved. Therefore an agreement between team leaders is important to reach our goals. – After the agreement me and my ward manager we devised the job description and person specification taking into account an analysis of the following criterias (Kneeland, (1999)) : – the present or expected duties of the job – changes which might impact on the job in the future – existing duties which might be done more effectively or efficiently by some one else – new duties that could be added to the job While preparing the job description my manager and I focused on 5 important aspects which were: Accuracy in order not to understate or overstate the role and duties associated with the post. (Appendix 4b, Section A) – Clarity in terms of tasks, duties, roles and responsibilities(Appendix 4, Section B) – Up-to-date (Appendix 4b, Section A, E) – Flexibility (Appendix 4b, Section A, B) – Non-discriminatory particularly in terms of gender,marital status or ethinic background The use of person specifications have a different purpose and it actually aims to identify the qualifications, skills, experience and abilities which are seen as essential or desirable in the post-holder and is used primarily to assist those involved in the selection process. (Appendix 5) After the posts were advertised and the applications received me and my ward manager short-listed 8 candidates out of 23 applications. This was undertaken by eliminating those who did not meet the pre-agreed essential requirements as set out in the person specification. (Appendix 5). For example some candidates did not have the knowledge of the KSF of Diabetes which is an essential requirement for the post as we specialise in this area or did not have a minimum of 12 months experience as a qualified staff nurse. We made sure that the necessary information about the selection process were recorded and appropriate feedback given to unsuccessfull candidates about their performance at the interview. Once the 2 candidates out of the 8 were successfull and appointed, it was important for me to plan induction and development for them. Given the investment made in new employees it is important that they should receive an appropriate induction so they can bring maximum contribution to the trust. At the Whittington Hospital, the trust induction covers areas such as the trust objectives so that the employee understands what they are trying to achieve, personal objectives so that the staff understands what is expected from them and relevant immediate training so that the person can properly undertake their job. Though it is a policy for every new employees to attend the trust nduction, I would personally recommend that all new starters on my ward should have a mentor to supervise them for at least the first 2 weeks of employment or even suggest an informal visit to the ward prior to interview so that candidates feel that the working environment is appropriate for their futur development . DM 47 Managing Performance Performance management encompasses a range of standard management techniques and is not necessarily a formal system and is not necessarily the same as an appraisal system. (Templar, (2001)). On my ward, performance management systems is a common benefit which enable my staffs to see more clearly their role on the ward and the trust’s objectives. The key elements of managing my group of staffs involve setting objectives for the ward, assessing their development needs, making it happen, review it and doing better. Staffs on the ward need to know what is expected of them. Setting objectives which are S. M. A. R. T for action means that they can be sure what they should deliver, when and how. (Appendix 6). Discussion about individual objectives will also enable my staffs to understand why they should do the things that they have to do and how they fit into and contribute to the wider goals and aims of the trust. It is important to assess the training and development needs of my staffs to improve their ability to reach the standards of performance expected of them in their jobs. This process should result in planned actions to meet individual needs, and will, where appropriate. (Appendix 6). In order to make the assessment happened, communication between me and my staffs should be improved. Many tangible and intangible factors contribute to an effective working environment. As a deputy manager it is important for me to focus on the creation of a shared understanding and sense of purpose in my workplace, in particular, communication,culture and climate. Good communication is essential for effective performance management. For example on my ward internal communication such as team briefings, staff meeting, noticeboards and emails enables me and my ward manager to ensure that all our staffs are clear about the ward’s goals and that messages are given and received to and from staffs. This include aims and objectives as well training and development opportunities. People’s performance is affected by their working environment. Morale,motivation, frustration, enthusiasm and commitment all influence the performance that the trust can achieve, so understanding what is important to staffs and listening to and acting on their views is an essential part of organising effectively. (Templar, (2001)). Having set objectives for individual staffs it is essential that performance and progress are regularly reviewed with individuals so that staffs feel recognised for their achievement and can identify areas where performance can improve. Reviews are necessary to improve individual and organisational performance but at the same time identify poor performance. The scenario below will demonstrate a situation where one of my junior staff nurse was constantly showing poor performance on the ward and the action taken against her. Scenario: Miss X, a junior staff nurse on the ward has been persistently coming late to work and is very slow in carrying out her daily tasks. Several members of Senior staff nurses have been reporting to me that standard of care for the group of patient she was looking after, has been deteriorating. I had a formal meeting on a one-to-one basis with Miss X where her poor performance issues were raised and an action plan was devised. It was discussed that she will be on a 3 months probation and will be supervised at all times by a senior member of staff and feedback will be given to me if her performance was improving. A copy of her job description and a self-assessment form was provided to her so she can set her personal objectives and discuss it with my manager or myself. The disciplinary and grievance process of the trust states that no disciplinary action will be taken against an employee until the case has been fully investigated. However, it should be recognised that there may be occasions when a full investigation is impossible e. g imprisonment. For example individuals will be informed of specific complaints against them in writing and will be given the opportunity to state their case directly to those who are considering disciplinary action before any decisions are made. Individuals and their Trade Union representative will be given a written explanation of any penalty imposed and its duration and in the case of written warnings , will have the right to appeal against this penalty. Usually no employee will normally be dismissed for a first breach of discipline except in cases of gross misconduct where summary dismissal without notice or pay in lieu of notice will be appropriate sanction. It, should, however, be recognised that there will be occasions, not covered by gross misconduct, when it will be necessary, because of the seriousness of the offence, for disciplinary action to begin at any stage of the procedure up to and including dismissal with notice for a first offence. (The Hospital disciplinary and grievance policy, (2006) ) In the case of a first offence or disciplinary measures my role will be to discuss it first with my line manager as they are the one who are allowed to issue oral warning, dismissals and discuss the circumstances with Human Resources. DM 48 Developing Teams individuals To get the best from employees, managers need to know who will be doing what, where the strengths and weaknesses of staffs are and which skills need to be developed by their teams. Properly set, achievable objectives that make clear what is expected, by when and to what standard, benefit both staffs and managers by clarifying roles and responsibilities, and assist in delivering value for money in the use of people resources. Setting performance objectives with staffs will also enable us managers to assess how our team can be best be used productively and identify any areas where staffs are producing different results and output. This can be useful in benchmarking performance and identifying individual, team and departmental areas for improved productivity. (Templar, (2001)) When performance objectives and standards are set for a team, it is necessary to assess whether the team has the skills to meet the standards being set and to agree how skills will be developed if they do not already exist. This is particularly important when ways of working are being changed. The Developmental plan below which has been devised with a team member and also reflect the team’s objectives as a whole, demonstrate the organisational and individual needs that can be met in many ways: Development Plan Individual/Team |Work shadowing |Get full support from Senior members of the team and provide | | |feedback. | |Special Projects |Encourage staffs to actively get involve with hospital projects such| | |as campaings. |Planned self-development |Meet at least every 6 months for appraisal and plan self | | |-development | |Mentoring |Offer support to newly qualified staff in the form of | | |mentorship/preceptorship for the first 2 weeks of joining the team | |Coaching and guidance |Provide staffs with support and guidance whenever and wherever | | |required. |Study for professional qualifications |Encourage staff to go for further studies for example encourage | | |Diploma holder to complete their Degree or send people for | | |specialist course such as the Diab etic Course. | |Planned delegation |Ensure that Senior staff nurses take responsibility in delegating | | |tasks to junior staffs, H. C. As and student nurses | |On-the-job training |Encourage staffs to attend in-house clinical skills study days. |New responsibilites |Allocate new rsponsibilities to members of the team. For example | | |making each member of the staff responsible for certain part of the | | |ward like for instance in charge of the treatment room’s general | | |tidiness. | |Off –the- job training |Negociate with staffs if there is any external training they want to| | |attend and provide them with leave or day off. |Job rotation/secondment |Senior staff nurses to act as team leader in the absence of myself | | |or the ward manager. | |Membership of professional societies |Encourage staffs to join professional bodies like the Royal College | | |of Nursing and UNISON | In the above table it can be noted that the individual development needs add up to the team development needs and trust-wide development needs. Individual managers must have a view of the team needs across the trust so that common needs can be met in the most cost-effective way and competing needs can be prioritised. Recommendations Staff development should be linked to the achievement of the trust’s goals and targets. If a key priority for the trust is to improve patient care, development plans at individual, team, departmental and corporate level should reflect that goal by focusing on enhancing the skills of staffs to deliver the required levels of patient care. Staffs will know which aspects of their work need support and development and are well placed to identify training and development needs to help them perform better in their jobs References Department of Health (2005), ‘The New NHS plan’ London D. O. H Jumaa, M. O Alleyne, J. (2001), ‘Managing and Leading in a constanly changing contexts in Health and Social Care’ Middlesex University Kneeland, S. (1999), ‘Recruiting for Results’ How To Books Ltd Templar, R. (2001), ‘Fast Thinking : Appraisal’ Pearson Education Ltd The Hospital (2006)‘Disciplinary and Grievance policy’ The Whittington Hospital Bibliography Belbin, R. M. (1996). ‘Managing Teams: Why they succeed or fail. ’ Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Johnson, G. Scholes, K. (2001). ‘Exploring Corporate Strategy 6th Edition’ Prentice-Hall Martin, V. Henderson, E. (2001). ‘Managing in Health and Social Care’ Routeledge How to cite Nursing Management, Papers

Benefits Of Breastfeeding Practice For Infant Health †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Benefits Of Breastfeeding Practice For Infant Health. Answer: Breastfeeding is regarded as the most beneficial practice for maintaining optimal growth of infants and reducing childhood morbidity. Breastfeeding is the best approach to providing the ideal food for the growth and development of infant. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breast feeding practices for six months and initiation of the practice within the first hours of babys life (Exclusive breastfeeding, 2017).However, the issue is that many mothers fail to continue breastfeeding due to personal and societal barriers. The purpose of this essay is to find out the barriers to exclusive breast feeding practices and find out the best approach to promote breastfeeding amongnursing mothers. Breastfeeding is well-recognized and highly recommended for the first six months innursing mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding may be defined as the practice of giving only breast milk to infants without mixing it with other supplements or liquids for the first six months. The health benefit of breastfeeding is that it reduces the risk of otitis media, urinary tract infection and gastrointestinal infection in infants and mothers are able to return back to their normal weight very easily. However, despite well-recognized benefit and importance of exclusive breastfeeding, very fewnursing mothers follow the practice globally. The analysis of breastfeeding practice in the world has revealed that only 45% of newborn are given breast milk within the first hours of work and the less than 50% women engage in exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months (Infant and Young Child Feeding - UNICEF DATA, 2017).In the context of Maldives, the rate of breastfeeding is better than global data. 64% o f the newborn are breastfed within the first hours. However, the main concern is that exclsive breast feeding below six months was only 48% (Maldives Health Profile 2016, 2017).Hence, very few infants are getting the ideal nutrition that they require for growth and development. Due to the poor practice of breastfeeding amongnursing mothers, it is necessary to identify the barrier influencing continued breastfeeding. Firstly, duration of feeding is affected by breast problems like sore nipple, insufficiency to produce milk, breast engorgement. This was also found in research study done to evaluated barrier to breast feeding practice in Jordan (Abuidhail et al., 2014). Secondly, in developing countries many other societal barriers prevent continued breastfeeding practice among mothers. Many mothers are not able to do so because of employment and career commitment. They do not get maternity leave for a long period of time and the need to resume work prevents mother from continuing breastfeeding. For this reason, may mothers rely on infant formulas and other supplements to meet the nutritional needs of their infants when they are at office (Mirkovic et al., 2014). Hence, flexible work scheduling is a necessary step to support mothers and achieve the goals of br eastfeeding. Another study gave the insight that barrier to breastfeeding is seen because of wrong perception of mothers that their infants are hungry because of breast milk and other infant formula is good to satisfy their infants and calm them (Abuidhail et al., 2014). Apart from this, difference in breastfeeding rate is seen due to the cultural mindset of women. For instance, young and full time employed mothers are less likely to breastfeed their Indian. Another barrier is the sexualization of breast and the perception among people that breast should not be displayed in public. Hence, many women are not able visualize the breast to provide nutrition to their child in all places. Husbands also discourage their wife to breastfeed because of concern regarding overall personality and body shape due to breastfeeding (Rollins et al., 2016). Research also points out to psychosocial barriers of breastfeeding where women do not opt for breastfeeding because of fear of unattractive breast, less freedom and inability to supply enough milk. This is seen mainly due to cultural upbring and poor knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding among mothers (Ping, 2014). The recommended breastfeeding practices by WHO is also influenced by the impact breastfeeding technology. For instance, there is an increase in uptake of breast pumps among mothers when they are working or traveling or moving out. However, use of such pumps cause adverse events such as discomfort, damage of breast tissue and contamination of breast milk. It also has an impact on maternal infant interaction (Buckley, 2009). Hence, medical technology is minimizing the maternal roles and its use should be restricted to those mother who are in real need for such technology. Breastfeeding is also influenced by the relationship of mothers with relatives and the health care professionals. Their cultural background or upbringing my either support or restrict them to breast feed their infants. However, mothers are likely to improve breastfeeding practice if they get relevant information related to the benefits of breastfeeding from clinicians or nurses. Hence, health care professionals can play a key role in promoting lactation. Their encouragement and role in educating mothers about the risk associated with infant formula and the health benefits of breast milk for their child is likely to change the attitude of mothers towards breastfeeding (Edwards et al, 2015). Breastfeeding can also be regarded as a culturally defined behavior because cultural preference also affects nursing womens decision on infant feeding. The nurse can also play a role in changing the meaning of breastfeeding among nursing mothers. They can play a role in recognizing and resolving difficulties faced by mothers in nurturing their child during breastfeeding. They can play a role in teaching the right process of breastfeeding. The study regarding the perspective of nurses regarding the clinical management of breastfeeding has showed that nurses must be aware of scientific and technical knowledge related to physiology of lactation. With such knowledge, they can educate the mothers regarding the proper positioning during breastfeeding and using other means to supply breast milk instead of feeding bottles and other infant formula (Azevedo et al., 2015). Active listening might also be important to understand what isssues nursing mothers faced during such process. However, for nurses, maintaining the ethics of care is important which is related to following the principle of autonomy. For instance, they can only educate and encourage mothers to continue breastfeeding for six months, however the final decision regarding management of breast feeding lies exclusively in mothers hands. The essay presented and summarized the benefits of breastfeeding practice for infant health and the barriers affecting the recommended rate of breastfeeding among mothers. Certain biological, social, culture and psychological factors affects the attitudes and behaviors of mothers regarding breastfeeding their child and the clinicians and nurses can play a major role in addressing the issues faced by mother. With proper education regarding management of breast feeding, health care professionals can influence breast feeding rate and practices in the target community. References Abuidhail, J., Al-Modallal, H., Yousif, R., Almresi, N. (2014). Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) in Jordan: Prevalence, duration, practices, and barriers.Midwifery,30(3), 331-337. Azevedo, A. R. R., Alves, V. H., Souza, R. D. M. P. D., Rodrigues, D. P., Branco, M. B. L. R., Cruz, A. F. D. N. D. (2015). Clinical management of breastfeeding: knowledge of nurses.Escola Anna Nery,19(3), 439-445. Buckley, K. M. (2009). A double-edged sword: lactation consultants' perceptions of the impact of breast pumps on the practice of breastfeeding.The Journal of perinatal education,18(2), 13. Edwards, R. A., Colchamiro, R., Tolan, E., Browne, S., Foley, M., Jenkins, L., ... Forgit, J. (2015). Online continuing education for expanding clinicians roles in breastfeeding support.Journal of Human Lactation,31(4), 582-586. Exclusive breastfeeding. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/exclusive_breastfeeding/en/ Infant and Young Child Feeding - UNICEF DATA. (2017).UNICEF DATA. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feeding/# Maldives Health Profile 2016. (2017).https://health.gov.mv. Retrieved 18 September 2017, from https://health.gov.mv/Uploads/Downloads//Informations/Informations(73).pdf Mirkovic, K. R., Perrine, C. G., Scanlon, K. S., Grummer-Strawn, L. M. (2014). Maternity leave duration and full-time/part-time work status are associated with US mothers ability to meet breastfeeding intentions.Journal of Human Lactation,30(4), 416-419. Ping, E. (2014). Keeping Abreast of the Multiple Biological, Cultural, and Psycho-Social Barriers to Breastfeeding in Modern Society.Kultura-Spo?ecze?stwo-Edukacja, (1 (5)). Rollins, N. C., Bhandari, N., Hajeebhoy, N., Horton, S., Lutter, C. K., Martines, J. C., ... Group, T. L. B. S. (2016). Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices?.The Lancet,387(10017), 491-504.

In The Eight Fold Path Of Yoga Meditation Is The Eighth Step (Smith, 1

In the eight fold path of yoga meditation is the eighth step (Smith, 11). Once here a Yogi must become more aware and more sensitive to what is within themselves (?Meditation?). ?A Yogi must first lose themselves here to find peace with themselves? (Smith, 11). The armor that a person has built around themselves throughout their lives must be lost and they have to see themselves clearly (Smith, 19). Meditation begins with concentration (?Meditation?). In concentration meditation a Yogi must focus all their energy onto one thing. ?Such as an object (a candle flame), a sensation (something felt while walking), or an emotion (love)? (?Chakras and Meditation?). At first it might be hard to keep mind focused on one object. A person must train themselves to concentrate. Narrow the mind on to one category of objects. Then focus onto one of the objects. When the mind begins to wonder, go to another object in the category. When it becomes easy to focus on one object for a long time then a Yogi is ready to move on to concentrate on one single object (Lidell, 94). Chakra meditation falls under concentration meditation. There are seven major chakras along the spin. They start at the base of the spine and go up to the top of the head. The seven major chakras are connected by three major nadies. Sushumna, the middle nadi, has neutral characteristics. Nearest your left hand is the ida nadi. It has yin characteristics. The third nearest your right hand is pingala nadi. It has yang qualities (?Chakras and Meditation?). Through these nadis the chakras are connected and energy passes from one to another. Each chakra is said to be an energy transformer (?Chakras and Meditation?). When a chakra is activated or meditated on, it releases a unique type of energy. This energy is measurable and immeasurable. The measurable energy is electromagnetic energy and light photons. The immeasurable energy is called prana. ?Prana is the vital, essential energy of the universe? (Smith, 231-233). The chakras are the centers in the body were this energy is activated and stored (Smith, 231-233). For the chakras to be activated properly it depends on the sitting position. During meditation a Yogi should sit Indian style, with their legs crossed. One heel should be in front of the pelvis bone and the other in front of the first heel. The knees spread as far apart as possible and rested on the floor. This sitting position will provide a stable base. The neck and spine will be straight. Breathing will also be easier because the chest cavity is open. This will also help with concentrating and will promote clearer thinking (Smith, 224-225). Chakra meditation is very simple and easy to do. A yogi simply concentrates on each chakra starting with the root chakra traveling up the shushumna and activating the next higher chakra (?Chakra and Meditation?). It may take weeks or months to move from one chakra to the next. It is a very long process. The seven main chakras are muladhara, swadishthana, manipura, anahata, vishuddha, ajnal and sahasrara. ?The chakras are located along the ethereal counterpart of the spinal cord and cannot be seen through normal vision? (Smith, 231-233). To bring the body to a state of rest a Yogi must focus their attention to the processes of breathing, the heartbeat, and the flow of electromagnetic energy. Then the prana will begin to move up the Sushumna awakening the higher chakras. This awakening must start with the first chakra muladhara. This is the root or base chakra. It is located at the base of the spine (?Chakras and Meditation?). Each chakra is thought of as a lotus flower that has a color and a number of petals. This chakra is a yellow lotus with four petals. The main element of this chakra is the earth and survival (Lidell, 71). This chakra deals with the survival of one's self. The Yogi should think of physical survival mainly, food, shelter, and the need for self preservation. When meditating one should be totally away from the rest of the world. At this level everything is solid and concrete. At this level viewing is that ?...each person is an individual who must look out for himself" (Smith, 233). At this level of reality a Yogi must achieve success on the material plain. It's not possible to go any further until food, clothing, shelter and transportation have all been taken care of (Smith, 233). After all of this has been

Loose Ethics in US Congress

Loose Ethics in US Congress Free Online Research Papers In today’s United States Congress the loose interpretation of the rules is a major problem. Since some of the guidelines have room for interpretation members have gone against the common practices in order to get the votes needed for legislation. In November 2003, a bill on prescription drug coverage for Medicare may be one of the best examples of this loose interpretation of the rules. It has been common practice since 1973 when electronic voting began to hold votes open for fifteen minutes, though votes have been left open for a few minutes after the norm to accommodate members who were delayed to the floor (Mann Ornstein, 2006). In November 2003 the vote was left open for two hours and fifty-two minutes. Members both republican and democrat where outraged. If this could be allowed all the normal practices of the house have been thrown out. The new way would consist of allowing votes to remain open in order for the majority to gain the votes needed to pass legislation. Also , during this vote, a member of Health and Human services was allowed on the floor to twist arms and lobby. This display violated a long standing tradition of the House, in which the floor is off limits to outsiders. The senate has also showed a decline in the normal procedures, the filibuster, which was normally used only in times in which it had been limited to matters of great national importance , has became common practice by the minority party . They use the filibuster in order to raise the bar to sixty votes instead of fifty when a filibuster threat was raised (Mann Ornstein, 2006). Instead of using the unlimited debate that is allowed in the Senate to power in bipartisanship and good for the general interest of the people, the rules have been bent to further party interest. The barrage of uncommon and loose rule bending practices threatens to taint the integrity of the United States Congress and the welfare of the United States citizens. The congress was set up in a way that would allow for our representatives to constructively make the right choices and changes for our country and if not follow in order to further party or personal gains. Due to the loosening of the rules it has caused a breakdown in the framework of our government. Research Papers on Loose Ethics in US CongressQuebec and Canada19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationTwilight of the UAWPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesOpen Architechture a white paper

Five Police Convicted Of Murder in Thailand Research Paper

Five Police Convicted Of Murder in Thailand - Research Paper Example The police arrested the teenager mainly because of thieving a motorcycle. By hearing this news, the family members visited the police station and endeavoured to talk with Kiettisak. However, with this attempt, after certain days, the mutilated body of the teenager was found in the neighbouring province of the police station. In this particular situation, the family members of the teenager launched a campaign to investigate the above discussed matter with validated responses. It is worth mentioning in this regard that due to the initiative taken by the family members of the teenager in the form of launching campaign against the case, the court finally reached its verdict (Asian Human Rights Commission, 2012). The article provided valuable and relevant information about the justice system, which is currently prevailing in Thailand, can be gained. In this similar context, based on the article, it can be ascertained that the existing criminal justice system in Thailand represents the absence of jury system in the nation and the police are mainly overburdened with varied legal activities. This can be justified with reference to the article where the police officers were held responsible to investigate the matter, but the final verdict was viewed to be provided by the Criminal Court (Asian Human Rights Commission, 2012). Apart from this, it has been quite apparent from the article that it is quite possible to file any sort of criminal charge privately in Thailand, wherein cases are not essentially referred to a public prosecutor. This exactly happened in the case of murdering the teenager wherein his family members made deliberate efforts in filing the criminal case in the form of conducting campaigns to investigate the case and reach into a final verdict (Asian Human Rights Commission, 2012). Â  

Program Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Program Planning - Assignment Example Most single parents are as a result of teenagers who bore children at an early age of below 20years and it is evident that such infants may suffer as compared to those borne by women of a higher age of around 30 years (Baldwin et al., 2009). Teenagers are not yet ready to commit to bearing their children and raising them in the best way since they have some other pleasures of life to enjoy. It is during this time that they would want to practice some vices being done by their fellow youths e.g. smoking and alcohol intake which affect the babies they are carrying. In fact some teenagers who get pregnant do not attend prenatal care because they would not like it to be known by their parents and friends that they are pregnant. Therefore, in efforts to boost the health of infants born year by year, the community health activist should enforce campaigns to reduce teenage births (Baldwin et al., 2009). Child bearing past the teenage is essential because the prospective mothers will have completed school and will know the importance of attending prenatal clinics even before planning to get pregnant. Such parents will also have no fear of it being known that they are pregnant since most of them will be legally married and working hence no financial constraints. This can reduce the cost incurred by taxpayers in US who raise around 7 billion dollars per year to support malnourished infants. Since teenage births lead to birth of children in marriages that mostly end up in divorce, its discouragement will enhance only married or mature people giving birth hence such infants will not suffer psychological torture. The reason as to why there are large numbers of infants born of poor health hence dying is because most of them are raised by single parents who probably bore them in their teen age. Such parents may have avoided attending antenatal health services that educate people on maintaining good health for the good of both

Hooters Of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hooters Of America - Essay Example (Hooters of America, Franchise Disclosure Document, 2010). Therefore, their beginning can be traced back to 1984 with a different name while their functionality under the name of â€Å"Hooters of America† can be traced back to 1989. â€Å"Hooters of America† is mainly concerned with the business of running Hooters Restaurants. However, it has many affiliates, which run different kinds of businesses under the title of â€Å"Hooters† such as Naturally Fresh, Inc., Super Sports Merchandisers, Inc., Super Sports Marketing, Inc., Hooters National Advertising Fund, Inc., Hooters Magazine, Inc., Hooters Racing, Inc., Hooters Sports News, Inc., Hooters Sports Productions, Inc. and National Golf Association, Inc. (Hooters of America, Franchise Disclosure Document, 2010). There are varieties of eatables served at Hooters Restaurants and there are certain unique characteristics that make Hooters Restaurants different from other dining spots. â€Å"Hooters of America† offers franchises for the institutionalization of its restaurants and its services under the name of â€Å"Hooters of America† (Hooters of America, Franchise Disclosure Document, 2010). It is a public traded company. As far as the expanded business of the company is concerned, â€Å"Hooters of America† is a large networked corporation with many affiliates. Their head office is in Georgia. All the affiliates of the company are also located in Georgia (Hooters of America, Franchise Disclosure Document, 2010). The company has license to operate in the whole United States of America and also outside the States. The company provides franchises for restaurants (Hooters of America, Franchise Disclosure Document, 2010). The franchises of â€Å"Hooters of America† are spread in the whole United States due to which, it can be easily stated that the business network of the company is widely expanded. The company,

User Behavior Mining in Software as a Service Environment

User Behavior Mining in Software as a Service Environment Abstract—Software as a Service (SaaS) provides software application vendors a Web based delivery model to serve large number of clients with multi-tenancy based infrastructure and application sharing architecture. With the growing of the SaaS business, data mining in the environment becomes achallenging area. In this paper, we suggest a new metric along with a few existing metrics for customer analysis in a Software as a Service environment. Keywords: Software as a Service, SaaS, Customer Behavior analysis, Data mining in SaaS Environment I. Introduction With the rapid development of Internet Technology and the application software usage, SaaS (Software as a Service) as a complete innovative model of software application delivery model is attracting more and more customers to use SaaS for reducing the software purchase and maintenance costs as it can provide on-demand application software, and the users can adjust the functions provided by services to meet changes in demand. SaaS is gaining speed with the considerable increase in the number of vendors moving into this space[1]. The SaaS model is different from a regular website model. In a regular website model, users of the software directly interact with the software application. But in the case of a SaaS model, users interact with the application through the service provider. The difference between a regular website model and a SaaS model can be shown in figure 1. Figure: 1 II. Motivation Software as a Service (SaaS) is being adopted by more and more software application vendors and enterprises [2].SaaS is beneficial for the customers in such a way that, a customer can unsubscribe from the services whenever he wants which makes it a challenge to manage customer relationships. One of the characteristics of the SaaS business model is that one SaaS service needs to serve a large number of customers, among which considerable portion are customers for whom services are offered on trial basis. As there is competition in the market, both trial and paying customers may move their business to another service provider based on their requirements. It is essential for a service provider to retain the customers from migrating to another service provider. Previous studies show that a small increase in retention rate would lead to a considerable increment in the new present value of the customers. To withstand the competition in the market, a service provider should satisfy the cust omers by understanding their current behavior and predicting their next move like if they are having any problems in using the services, how much are the customers satisfied based on the seriousness and activeness of the customers. III. Related Works A lot of work has been done in the area of analyzing the customers’ behavior on website model. Various methodologies are stated by various authors on various processes in mining the web. In [3] Sindhu P Menon and Nagaratna P Hegde, analyzed the views and methodologies stated by various authors on various processes in web mining. In [4] R. Suguna and D. Sharmila listed out work done by various authors in the web usage mining area. In [5] the authors Jiehui Ju. Et.al, gives a quick survey on SaaS. It covers key technologies in SaaS, difference between Application Software Provider and Software as a Service Provider, SaaS architecture and SaaS maturity model and the advantages that SaaS offers to small businesses. In [6], the authors Espadas et. al, presents the analysis of the impart of a set of requirements and proposes guidelines to be applied for application deployment in Software as a Service (SaaS) Environment. In [7], the authors Ning Duan, et. al, proposed an algorithm and two metrics which work with the collaboration among the users of a customer in a Software as a Service environment. IV. Problem Definition In a SaaS Environment, an effective relationship with the customer depends on how much the status of each customer is understood. In order to understand the status of a customer, it is necessary to study the behavior of ehte customer form time to time. It is necessary to predict the customers’ seriousness and activeness in using the service. This prediction may help the service providers in improving their business strategies. In a business to customer website model, the mining is done based on selected metrics like visit frequency, average depth, average stay time etc. In the case of SaaS model, there is another level of users who actually use the service. So, regular user behavior metrics may not yield accurate results in the case of SaaS model. If individual customer’s user’s behavior is studied, then the difference between the customers may be identified. A lot of research is done on user behavior analysis in regular website model but those methods used for user behavior analysis may not guarantee accurate predictions. So an extra parameter or metric is to be considered. As in the SaaS model, a tenant is the direct customer of the service provider and the actual users of the service are the users of the customers, one way to study the behavior of the customers may be by summing up the individual user’s metrics of a customer to evaluate the customer’s behavior. But this way ignore the individual differences of the behaviors of the users of a customer. In addition to these regular web usage mining metrics if collaboration among the users is also considered in the analysis of customer behavior, it may yield better results than just using the regular metrics. But previous works done in user behavior analysis in SaaS uses only collaboration metrics in the analysis which ignores almost half of the analysis data. The experiment done aims at using collaboration metrics along with another metric which works with the data not considered in the collaboration metric calculation so that all the available data is considered in user behavior prediction. V. Experiment The experiment is done in two phases, namely Data Collection Phase and Data Processing Phase. In the Data collection phase, the necessary data (like server log files, transaction history, etc) are collected. In the second phase i.e. in Data Processing phase, the actual analysis takes place. This phase is further divided into individual modules like preprocessing, pattern discovery, and pattern analysis. Preprocessing is a process of refining the sever log data and transaction history removing noise in data (if any) and populating database for further use in next modules. It includes data cleaning, user identification, session identification, transaction identification. Pattern Discovery is the process of discovering the usage patterns from the cleaned raw log data. As in this experiment, it is not regular usage patterns that are to be considered, collaboration patterns are to be considered. Regular usage patterns are the sequences of activities that are performed by the users individually. But, collaboration patterns are those that are performed by users by interaction. Collaboration patterns are not the transaction patterns rather they are the patterns of users that collaborate to perform a transaction. Definition of Collaboration: Collaboration is defined to happen when different users of a customer work on the same business object during a certain period of time. For example, in a Human Resource management SaaS service, the vacation request is submitted by a regular employee user of a customer and then is approved/rejected by manager user of the same customer. Here two users of a customer are involved in the process of granting a leave. This is called collaboration. After the raw data is cleansed, the data used for collaboration discovery may contain details of the transactions performed by the users of any tenant with tenant id(tid), user id (uid), transaction id (transaction_id) (may also be called business object id), date, time, service id (sid). In this table more than one user may be involved in the completing of a transaction. Algorithm: Collaboration User Set Identification Input: Table 1 that consists of the transaction details Output: Collaboration_Table with collaboration transaction details Initially Collaboration_Table is empty Get first record from Table 1 Insert details into Collaboration_Table While end of table 1 not reached Get next record from table 1 Search for transaction_id in collaboration_Table If found, update collaboration user set and no_of_users Else Add details to collaboration_table as new record Table 1: Sample table showing the contents of Table 1 Table 2: Sample Collaboration Table Pattern analysis plays vital role in the experiment. This module deals with the behavior analysis based on the collaboration patterns extracted above. From [7], there are two type of collaboration. They are random collaboration and repeated collaboration by certain group of users. The first type of collaboration can indicate the activeness of the customer no matter which users are involved in the collaboration process. It can be called as Active Collaboration Index (ACI). The second type of collaboration can be described by the usage patterns among the users of a customer. It can be called Patterned Collaboration Index (PCI). A high ACI value tells that a customer is actively using the SaaS service and if such a customer is still a trial customer, it probably shall be the high priority target to get it converted into paying customer. A high PCI value tells that a tenant is seriously using the SaaS service with relatively strong loyalty, cross-selling or up-selling opportunity can be explored for such a customer. The formula to calculate ACI and PCI are as follows The AppCNorm is the normalizing factor indicating collaboration characteristic of SaaS service. While some SaaS service are rich with collaborations and others may not be. In order to balance the difference among different SaaS services, this normalization factor is employed. Where Pni denotes the collaboration pattern i of customer n, N is the total number of customers, and m is the total number of patterns in customer n. supp(pni) is the support value of pattern Pni, and len(Pni) is the length of the pattern. These collaboration metrics works only with the collaboration data and neglects the remaining data which is almost half of the data. Hence another metric can be added along with the above metrics which considers the non-collaboration transactions. As the new metric is for non-collaboration transactions of a tenant, it can be called Average Usage Index (AUI). This can be calculated using the formula This AUI increases the accuracy of prediction of activeness of the customer along with ACI. VI. RESULTS For this experiment, the data created is for 100 customers of a Software as a Service provider who is providing 6 different components of an application as different services. Among these 100 customers, first 50 are taken as paid customers and the other 50 are taken as trial customers. Table 3: Summary of transactions Table 4: Sample pattern list Table 5: Sample Calculated Metrics From the above calculated values, we can observe that though T0 is a paid customer, less ACI and PCI values indicate that this customer is not using the services to the full and hence revenue generated from this particular customer is not appreciable. Rather, this customer may be planning to unsubscribe from the service and hence is an important target for the service provider to retain the customer. In the case of T45, it has high ACI value, high AUI value indicating active usage of the services and high PCI indicating that this customer is completely migrating his business onto the SaaS service generating the service provider more revenue. Among the sample trial calculated values, customer T50 is active and serious and hence, there is a high probability for this customer to convert into paid customer. On the other hand, customer T89 is not very active and is not serious indicating that he may be facing technical difficulties in using the services and hence should be helped with or is thinking to unsubscribe from the services. Table 6: Summary of Calculated metrics From the above table, for any tenant to be considered active in using the services, minimum ACI and AUI values needed are 1 and 1 respectively and minimum PCI value needed is 2. VII. Conclusion The metrics ACI and PCI are introduced in previous works done by Ning Daun, et. al in [7] which works with collaboration data and leaving the non collaboration data. In our work, a new metric is introduced AUI which considers the non collaboration data also in customer behavior analysis. Still further, frequent pattern analysis can be applied on this non collaboration data to get usage patterns and so the analysis can be further improved. VIII. References [1] Wei Sun, Xing Zhang, Chang Jie Gou, Pei Sun, Hui Su, IBM China Research Lab, Beiing 100094, â€Å"Software as a Service: Configuration and Customization Perspective† IEEE Congress on Services Part II, IEEE 2008. [2] E. Knorr, â€Å" Software as a Service: The Next Big Thing†, http://www. infoworld.com/article/06/03/20/76103_12FEsaas_1.html† [3] Sindhu P Menon, Nagaratna P Hegde, â€Å"Requisite for Web Usage Mining – A Survey†, Special Issue of International Journal of Computer Science Informatics: 2231-5292, Vol-II, Issue-1, 2, pp. 209-215. [4] R. Suguna, D. Sharmila â€Å"An Overview of Web Usage Mining†, International Conference of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Vol. 39, No, 13, February 2012, pp. 11 – 13. [5] Jiehui, et. al, â€Å"Research on Key Technologu=ies in SaaS†, International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Cognitive Informatics, 2010, pp. 384-387. [6] Espadas et. al, â€Å"Application Development over Software-as-a-Service platforms†, The Third International Conference on Software Engineering Advances, 2008, pp. 87-104. [7] Ning Duan, et. al, â€Å"Tenant Behavior analysis in Software as a Service Environment†: Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI), 2011 IEEE International Conference, pp 132-137, July 2011.

The Use of Soma to Shape and Control Society in Huxleys Brave New Worl

The Use of Soma to Shape and Control Society in Huxley's Brave New World The future of the world is a place of thriving commerce and stability. Safety and happiness are at an all-time high, and no one suffers from depression or any other mental disorders. There are no more wars, as peace and harmony spread to almost every corner of the world. There is no sickness, and people are predestined to be happy and content in their social class. But if anything wrong accidentally occurs, there is a simple solution to the problem, which is soma. The use of soma totally shapes and controls the utopian society described in Huxley's novel Brave New World as well as symbolize Huxley's society as a whole. This pleasure drug is the answer to all of life's little mishaps and also serves as an escape as well as entertainment. The people of this futuristic society use it in every aspect of their lives and depend on it for very many reasons. Although this drug appears to be an escape on the surface, soma is truly a control device used by the government to keep everyone ensla ved in set positions. In the utopian society Huxley creates, everything is artificial. The future of the world depends merely on a handful of directors, and everyone else is simply created as a pawn to maintain this futuristic economy. One of the ten world controllers in the "Brave New World" portrayed in the novel is Mustapha Mond. Mustapha is a driving force behind the utopian society that keeps everyone happy, yet empty inside at the same time. In fact, Mustahpa Mond has been interpreted to mean "the chosen one," for he is like a God to the people (McGiveron 29). People are created in laboratories such as the "Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre," where peo... ... through life without ever truly having to face reality or make logical decisions. Soma symbolizes and shapes many parts of society and is arguably the main symbol in Huxley's satirical masterpiece. The truth is that this utopian society is synthetic and massed produced like soma, and society is cowardly while soma is a crutch to humanity. Works Cited Clareson, Thomas. "The Classic: Aldous Huxley's 'Brave New World.'" Extrapolation. 3.1 (1961): 33-40. Hoffman, Nicholas. "Huxley Vindicated." The Spectator 249.8036 (1982): 8-9. Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: HarperPerennial, 1989. Jog, D.V. Aldous Huxley The Novelist. India: Book Centre, 1979. McGiveron, Rafeeq. "Huxley's 'Brave New World.'" Explicator 57.1 (1998): 27-30. Meerloo, Joost. "How Will Man Behave?" The New York Times Book Review. New York, 1958: 22-23.

Case Digest Aglipay vs Ruiz

Facts: In May 1936, the Director of Posts announced in the dailies of Manila that he would order the issuance of postage stamps commemorating the celebration in the City of Manila of the 33rd International Eucharistic Congress, organized by the Roman Catholic Church. The petitioner, Mons. Gregorio Aglipay, Supreme Head of the Philippine Independent Church, in the fulfillment of what he considers to be a civic duty, requested Vicente Sotto, Esq. member of the Philippine Bar, to denounce the matter to the President of the Philippines. In spite of the protest of the petitioner’s attorney, the Director of Posts publicly announced having sent to the United States the designs of the postage for printing. The said stamps were actually issued and sold though the greater part thereof remained unsold. The further sale of the stamps was sought to be prevented by the petitioner.Issue: Whether the issuance of the postage stamps was in violation of the Constitution. Held: Religious freedom as a constitutional mandate is not inhibition of profound reverence for religion and is not a denial of its influence in human affairs. Religion as a profession of faith to an active power that binds and elevates man to his Creator is recognized. And, in so far as it instills into the minds the purest principles of morality, its influence is deeply felt and highly appreciated.When the Filipino people, in the preamble of their Constitution, implored â€Å"the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty and democracy,† they thereby manifested their intense religious nature and placed unfaltering reliance upon Him who guides the destinies of men and nations.The elevating influence of religion in human society is recognized here as elsewhere. Act 4052 contemplates no religious purpose in view. What it gives the Director of Posts is the discretionary power to determine when the issuance of special postage stamps would be â€Å"advantageous to the Government. † Of course, the phrase â€Å"advantageous to the Government† does not authorize the violation of the Constitution; i. e. o appropriate, use or apply of public money or property for the use, benefit or support of a particular sect or church. In the case at bar, the issuance of the postage stamps was not inspired by any sectarian feeling to favor a particular church or religious denominations. The stamps were not issued and sold for the benefit of the Roman Catholic Church, nor were money derived from the sale of the stamps given to that church.The purpose of the issuing of the stamps was to take advantage of an event considered of international importance to give publicity to the Philippines and its people and attract more tourists to the country. Thus, ins tead of showing a Catholic chalice, the stamp contained a map of the Philippines, the location of the City of Manila, and an inscription that reads â€Å"Seat XXXIII International Eucharistic Congress, Feb. 3-7, 1937. † The Supreme Court denied the petition for a writ of prohibition, without pronouncement as to costs.

The Bilateral Relationships between the UAE and Japan

The Bilateral Relationships between the UAE and Japan Abstract The bilateral relations between the UAE and Japan have been important for the sustained development of both countries. In particular, these states have established economic cooperation involving the exchange of natural resources and technologies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Bilateral Relationships between the UAE and Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, they have common foreign policy interests such as the elimination of nuclear threats and preservation of maritime security. These countries can differ profoundly in terms of their culture or political system, but these differences do not undermine their cooperation. Overall, these countries perceive each other as strategic partners, and the situation is not like to change in the near future because Japan and the UAE have been able to resolve several important disputes such as the question related to the taxation of businesses. These are the main issues that should be discussed more closely because it is important for understanding the relations between these states. Introduction This paper is aimed at examining the bilateral relations between the United Arab Emirates and Japan. In particular, one should pay close attention to the economic aspects of their cooperation because it strengthens the ties between these states. Additionally, one should examine the political aspects of their relations. Furthermore, it is critical to examine the similarities and differences in the foreign policy since this issue is important for understanding how these countries interact with one another. Overall, it is possible to argue that each of these states is interested in fostering this partnership since it contributes to the sustained development of their economies. Admittedly, these states are not strongly dependent on one another, but they value their cooperation and try to promote it by reaching agreements that can fos ter the work of various businesses. These are the main questions that should be examined in greater detail. This discussion can be useful for studying the relations between Asian countries and their counterparts from the Middle East. Economic partnership One should mention that Japan established the diplomatic relations with the UAE in 1971 at the time, when the country proclaimed its independence (Lenze 145). The partnership between these states has been critical for their economic development. Much attention should be paid to the trade between the two states.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In particular, the UAE provides oil and natural gas which are important for the functioning of the Japanese economy as well as infrastructure. In particular, the UAE provided 25 percent of Japanese oil supplies (Nusrat). In turn, the UAE government attaches import ance to Japan as a buyer because approximately 40 percent of the oil produced in this country is sold to Japan. The government of Japan strives to maintain productive relations with various suppliers of natural resources, and the UAE is one of the most important ones. In turn, Japanese companies offer vehicles and various electronic devices. Moreover, they bring technologies that are used by various UAE enterprises. One should keep in mind that in 2012, the trade between the two countries equaled $53.9 billion. In particular, UAE imports to Japan were worth $43.9 billion while Japanese exports amounted $8.96 billion (Nusrat). Furthermore, one should mention that the amount of Japanese investment has increased dramatically during the period between 2005 and 2012 (Nusrat). In 2005, Japanese investments in the UAE economy equaled only 19 million, but seven years later, they constituted 364 million (Nusrat). These are some of the main trends should be taken into consideration. Additiona lly, both countries are the members of the World Trade Organization. Thus, one can say that there are relatively few economic barriers that may hinder trade. While discussing the economic cooperation, one should also mention, that the two countries have established closed educational partnership. For example, Tokyo University established its research centers in Abu Dhabi (Vijayan 368). The functioning of these centers is critical for the preparation of more effective labor force and adoption of technologies that increase the productivity of businesses. To a great extent, this educational cooperation is critical for the technological modernization of the UAE economy. For example, one can speak about the adoption of renewable energy (â€Å"Co-chairmanship of two Japanese ministers in the 5th IRENA Assembly†). One can argue that the relationship between these countries have been mutually profitable. Moreover, in the future, this trend is not likely to reverse itself. It should b e mentioned that these states have recently been able to reach an agreement regarding he taxation (â€Å"UAE, Japan sign treaty on taxation†). The main goal of this agreement is to eliminate double taxation which creates significant challenges for businesses working at the international level. This step can be important for fostering bilateral cooperation between the two states.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Bilateral Relationships between the UAE and Japan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the future, Japanese businesses and UAE regulators will have fewer reasons for entering into conflicts with one another. This is one of the details that can be distinguished.  One should keep in mind that Japan is interested in the preservation of peace in the Middle East because such events can disrupt oil supplies in the country (Miyagi 102). This is why the government of Japan is opposed to such an or ganization as Islamic State (Fackler 15). In turn, the UAE wants to attract investors and businesses that have made considerable achievements in various sectors of economy, especially those ones requiring the use of sophisticated technologies. In the long term, such partnership has been important for the strengthening of the UAE economy. It is possible to say that the economic benefits received by the two countries can be regarded as the main driver of their continued relationship. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward. Political regimes of the two countries Admittedly, much attention should be paid to internal differences. It is important to mention that these countries differ in terms of political regimes. For example, Japan can be described as the constitutional monarchy with a well-developed parliamentary system. In turn, the government of the UAE has the elements of both absolute and federal monarchies (Stewart 155). It should be mentioned that the UAE can b e regarded as the federation of monarchies. Furthermore, the policies of separates emirates can differ considerable. Thus, foreign companies may need to follow different sets of regulation. This comparison has been included in order to highlight the idea these two countries have been able to overcome these significant differences. It is importantly that the diplomats accept that idea that the UAE and Japan differ in terms of their political culture. However, they do not lay much stress on these differences. This is one of the issues that one should take into account while examining the interactions between these states. Foreign policy It should be mentioned that there are significant similarities in the foreign policy of the two countries. These countries play a critical role in the regions that they represent. Additionally, one should point out that the governments of both countries attach the importance of nuclear disarmament.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This policy can be partly explained by the fact that both countries have to face the threats of nuclear war that can be posed by such countries as North Korea and Iran. This is one of the details that should be taken into account. Apart from that, both countries lay stress on maritime security. This policy is also critical for the preservation of trade in the region. Apart from that, both countries recognize the need to minimize the threats that can be poses by the terrorist organization Islamic State. Some of Japanese citizens have already been affected by this terrorist group (Yoshida). The government of the UAE also recognizes the dangers posed by Islamic State. Therefore, it is possible to argue that these countries common geopolitical goals. These objectives can be important for minimizing potential conflicts or disputes between these states. Admittedly, there is the risk of potential conflicts which can be explained by the differences in their foreign policy. One should mentio n that Japanese government has traditionally provided support to American foreign policies, especially those ones related to the Middle East. In turn, the UAE tries to act as an independent player in this region. It is possible that at a certain point, this difference can undermine the bilateral relations of Japan with the UAE. This is one of the risks that should not be overlooked. However, researchers note that Asian countries have been able to settle potential disputes with the states representing the Middle East (Eberling 65). Yet. as it has been noted before these states have a strong economic interest that will shape the decisions of the governments. Importance of these relations for both countries It is possible to say that the relations with the UAE have been critical for Japan because this country provides natural resources that are important for the functioning of the Japanese economy. Moreover, the UAE creates additional demand for the products manufactured in Japan. This is one of the aspects that can be distinguished. In turn, the government of the UAE attaches importance to the partnership with Japan because the interactions with the country can be important for the economic diversification (Gorgenl 21). In particular, one should speak about the intention of this country to become less dependent on the exportation of oil. This is one of the overarching goals that have to be attained in the near future. Additionally, one should bear in mind since the early seventies, Japanese companies have acted as important investors in the Middle East. To some degree, they spurred the development of various industries in the UAE. This is why the UAE focuses on the cooperation with Japanese governmental institutions and private businesses. It is rather difficult to say that these states are strongly dependent on one another. This assumption would be rather inaccurate. However, each of these states values these bilateral relations. Conclusion On the whole, this d iscussion indicates Japan and the UAE have established close relations and productive relations with one another. Although, these countries differ dramatically in terms of culture or religion, they have been able to achieve results that have been benefited each of the parties. There has been no cause for considerable disputes between the two countries. Furthermore, the governments of both states have identified those areas of cooperation that are critical for both partners. In particular, one should speak about the supply of natural resources, transfer of technologies, foreign direct investment and so forth. Therefore, the ties between Japan and UAE will not weaken in the near future. These are the main details that can be singled out. â€Å"Co-chairmanship of two Japanese ministers in the 5th IRENA Assembly,† UAE-emb.  2015. Web. uae.emb-japan.go.jp/bilateralrelations.htm. Nusrat, Ali. â€Å"Building Bridges Between Japan And The UAE.† Gulf Business 14  March 201 4. Web. http://gulfbusiness.com/2014/03/building-bridges-japan-uae/#.VNpUDiyWlCg. Eberling, George. Future Oil Demands of China, India, and Japan: Policy Scenarios  and Implications, New York: Lexington Books, 2014. Print. Fackler, Martin. â€Å"Departing From Japan’s Pacifism, Shinzo Abe Vows Revenge for  Killings.† The New York Times, 1 Feb. 2015: 15. Print. Gorgen, Victor. A Strategic Analysis of the Construction Industry in the United Arab  Emirates: Opportunities and Threats in the Construction Business, New York: Diplomica Verlag, 2011. Print. Lenze, Nele. Converging Regions: Global Perspectives on Asia and the Middle East,  New York: Ashgate Publishing, 2014. Print. Miyagi, Yukiko. Japans Middle East Security Policy: Theory and Cases, New York:  Routledge, 2013. Print. Stewart, Dona. The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural  Perspectives, New York: Routledge, 2013. Print. â€Å"UAE, Japan sign treaty on taxation.† Gulf News. com. 17 Oct. 2012. Web. http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/uae-japan-sign-treaty-on-taxation-1.1090608 . Vijayan, Sugumaran. Application of Agents and Intelligent Information Technologies,  New York: Idea Group Inc. Yoshida, Reiji. â€Å"Islamic State threatens to kill two Japanese hostages.† The Japan  Times 20 Jan. 2020. Web. japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/20/national/islamic-state-threatens-kill-two-japanese-hostages/#.VNjESSyWkuM.

Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Methodology The focus of the proposed study is on patients suffering from head injuries and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, (CTE). Case control methodology is appropriate for this study.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance efficiency, the case control methodology must assume a retrospective approach. This is because the proposed study involves examination of the existing cases of head injuries in the sampled population. The study will sample the general population and the patients within the outpatient departments of public hospitals. The case groups and the control groups are important. This is because they form the basis for assessments and comparisons (Sim Wright, 2002). The principle aim for this methodology is to determine the exposure risk of CTE associated with head injuries. Basically, the proposed study involves the comparison of the incidences of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This must be done between the patients suffering from head injuries and the healthy individuals. Two groups are prominent in the proposed methodology. This includes the case group and the control group. Notably, the methodology requires a considerable time to attain desired results (Sim Wright, 2002). Generally, the proposed methodology is appropriate for the study.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participants Both the case and control groups will be enrolled in the research. This explains why the proposed investigation is a case control study. The basic implication is that an empirically supported inclusion and exclusion criteria have to be adopted. The cases include those participants who have previously suffered head injuries. On the other hand, the control group shall comprise other patients without any history of head injuries. This participant combination forms a perfect case control set. The location of the proposed study has to be within selected public hospitals. Moreover, purposive sampling of all the participants within the selected hospitals is preferred. The process must also observe the ethical and legal provisions for research. For instance, issues of informed consent have to be adequately addressed (Walker Shostak, 2010). Purposive sampling helps to draw a representative sample. The sample size shall be calculated using the Fischer’s formulae. This is because the representative sample is projected to be less than ten thousand. Generally, this study will involve a highly constricted sample size. This is because the proposed study is retrospective and requires follow up for the enrolled participants. Thus, it is intensive and very costly within larger sample sizes. Research Design A combined approach for data collection is appropriate for the proposed study. In this approach, qualitative as well as quantitative strategies are applied during data collection process.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance the process of triangulation, active clinical checkups and diagnosis are also necessary (Walker Shostak, 2010). This is because the researcher is able to detect the new cases of CTE amongst the enrolled participants. Qualitative and quantitative data management techniques shall be used in the study. Qualitative data analysis mainly entails discussions. However, quantitative data analysis involves the use of sophisticated data management tools such as SPSS. Additionally, it involves the use of bar graphs, pie charts, and basic statistical inferences. Instrumentation and Data Collection Plans Qualitative data gathering to be used in the proposed study entail the use of key i nformant interviews, focus groups and personal observations. Quantitative approaches involve the active administration of assessment tools such as semi structured questionnaires (Keilegom Wilson, 2011). Because the proposed study is a case control, person-to-person data collection is appropriate. This will automatically rules out the possibility of a mailed survey. Based on this projected sample, the participants shall report to the study sites. Consequently, the researcher shall conduct clinical monitoring, personal interviews, observations and focus groups during the reporting junctures. Proposed Analysis of the Data The results gotten from the proposed sample shall be varied. However, this depends on the inclination or objective of the data analysis (Fairclough, 2010). Results indicating the correlation between head injuries and occurrence of CTE are critical.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, factors that influence the occurrence of CTE amongst those with head injuries are also expected. Additionally, issues about the efficiency of the clinical management strategies in head injuries are likely to emanate. Determination and analysis of responses must be conducted through diverse mechanisms. For instance, similar causative factors linked to the occurrence of CTE must be grouped statistically. Analytically, such processes require sophisticated data management tools. Correlation and regression analysis include some of the statistical tools applicable in the proposed study (Keilegom Wilson, 2011). The proposed results will have significant implications on the rest of population. For instance, certain revelations might dispel existing beliefs. There are different variables that the researcher may include in the proposed study. The likelihood of occurrence of CTE and the incidences of head injuries are some of the variables. Observably, a correlation of the depend ent and independent variable may be drawn from the two outlined examples. â€Å"The occurrence or presence of head injury† remains as one of the crucial independent variable in the proposed study. Alternatively, â€Å"the occurrence of CTE† includes another vital dependent variable. Therefore, it can be stated that the occurrence of CTE depends on the presence of head injury amongst the participants in the proposed study. A more comprehensive and empirical decision making criteria must be used in the proposed study. In this context, various statistical inferences will have a critical role. Comparison of the confidence intervals of various correlating factors will influence most decisions and assumptions in the proposed study. This is appropriate for all correlating factors (Sim Wright, 2002). This process entails the application of statistical distribution tables in determining the confidence intervals. Advanced computer software for data management must be used to en hance the high level of data processing. Basically, this computer software must be applicable in the computation of various statistical inferences and associations. The SPSS program is most preferred for purposes of data analysis in the proposed study. Validity and reliability measurements are critical for all empirical investigations. Application of content validity ensures that an appropriate and representative sample size is utilized. In addition, criterion validity measurement when applied in the proposed study will help to test the precision of definite measures. Construct validity may preferably be used in the proposed study to confirm whether the variables measure the proposed constructs (Fairclough, 2010). For purposes of objectivity and reliance, measurements on the reliability of factors within a study are vital. In the proposed study, there are several measurement methodologies that might be applied for reliability. The determination and testing of reliability may automat ically occur when certain results are gotten. In such scenarios, these results must be tested for both internal and external consistency. There are other various applicable methodologies in measuring reliability. The proposed study might involve the use of inter-observer or test-retests as strategies for measuring reliability. These processes are important because they improve the quality of data. References Fairclough, D. (2010). Design and Analysis of Quality of Life Studies in Clinical Trials. New York, NY: CRC Press. Keilegom, I. Wilson, W. (2011). Exploring research frontiers in contemporary statistics and econometrics: A festschrift for LeÃŒ opold Simar. Berlin: Springer/Physica-Verlag. Sim, J. Wright, C. (2002). Research in health care: Concepts, designs and methods. Cheltenham: N. Thornes. Walker, A. Shostak, J. (2010). Common statistical methods for clinical research with SAS examples. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.